Notes

 

1. Wh-questions words

   Wh-questions words are used to ask questions.

What	To ask about objects, animals and people. Ø  What is she talking about?
Where	To ask about places and directions. Ø  Where did you go last night?
When	To ask about the time of action. Ø  When is the Teacher’s Day?
Who	To ask about people. Ø  Who gave you these sweets?
Whose	To ask about someone’s belonging. Ø  Whose wallet is this?
Why	To find out the reason for an action. Ø  Why is she crying?
How	To find out the condition and the way things are done. Ø  How did you find out that she was lying?
Which	To ask about selection. Ø  Which dress will you be wearing?
Whom	To refer to a person. It is used as the object of a verb. Ø  Whom are you looking at?

2. Singular and Plural Nouns

Singular Nouns denote one person, animal, place or object.

Plural Nouns denote more than one person, animal, place or object.

A)   By adding ‘s’ to nouns ending with vowel sounds (a,e,i,o,u).

Singular	Plural
pea	peas
hope	hopes
ski	skis
radio	radios
menu	menus

B)   By adding ‘s’ to nouns ending with consonant sounds (b,c,d,t…).

Singular	Plural
actor	actors
basket	baskets
friend	friends
ship	ships
window	windows

C)   By adding ‘es’ to nouns ending in ‘s’, ‘x’, ‘ch’ or ‘sh’.

Singular	Plural
gas	gases
glass	glasses
box	boxes
branch	branch
brush	brushes

D)   By changing ‘y’ into ‘ies’ to nouns ending in ‘y’ with a consonant sound before it (b, c, d, t…).

Singular	Plural
baby	babies
country	countries
Family	families
memory	memories
strawberry	strawberries

  

E)   By adding ‘es’ to nouns ending in ‘o’.

Singular	Plural
buffalo	buffaloes
hero	heroes
mosquito	mosquitoes
potato	potatoes

F)   By changing the inside vowel of a noun.

Singular	Plural
foot	feet
goose	geese
mouse	mice
tooth	teeth
woman	women

G)   The spelling is completely changed or remains the same.

Singular	Plural
child	children
ox	oxen
fish	fishes
deer	deer
furniture	furniture

3. Personal Pronouns

A pronoun is a word used to replace the names of people, animals or objects.

A)   Personal Pronouns used as subjects:

Pronouns		Examples
First person	I	I am going to Singapore next week.
	We	We are good friends.
Second person	You	You need to tidy your room now.
Third person	He	He likes to go fishing every Sunday.
	She	She is a friendly girl.
	It	It is my favourite book.
	They	They go to school by bicycle.

B)   Personal Pronouns used as objects:

Pronouns		Examples
First person	me	You must tell me the truth.
	us	My dad took us to Disneyland last year.
Second person	you	I told you not to open the parcel.
Third person	him	I saw him at the cinema yesterday.
	her	We helped her to repair the bicycle.
	it	They gave it some food to eat.
	them	Please get them some drinks.

4. Articles

A)   ‘A’ is used for words which begin with consonant sounds (b, c, d, f…)

Examples : box, donkey, girl, horse, jug, key, lid, nest, pail, queue, rod, ship, train, vase, window, xylophone, yacht.

B)   ‘An’ is used for words which begin with owel sounds (a, e, i, o, u) or a silent ‘h’ sound.

Examples : ant, axe, eagle, egg, election, interview, Indian, idol, orange, onion, umbrella, hour, heir, honest.

C)   The is used :

i.              To show a particular person or object.

Examples : The children are going to the library.

ii.            To show something which is only one of its kind.

Examples : The moon is shining brightly.

iii.           To show adjectives in superlative form.

Examples : She is the tallest girl in my class.

iv.           Before names of rivers, oceans and particular places.

Examples : We live near the Perak River.